Chemistry Study Notes for grade 10 Academic Science unit test study notes SNC2D1 SNC2D1
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Pure substance: any matter made up of one type of element/atom
Element/compounds: symbols, cannot break down/formulas broken down from molecules
Mixture: any matter that is made up of more than one type of atom
Homogenous/Heterogeneous: 1 part/many parts
Properties
Physical:
Change of state
Change in shape
Reversible
Dissolving
Chemical:
Change of colour
Release of gas
Hard to reverse
Release of heat
Precipitate
Ions:
-Elements which have gained or lost electrons to make their outer orbital’s filled
-Net charge of 0, indicated by a + or -, depending on amount of extra electron
-CATION = +
-ANION = -
-Based on their column on the periodic table and the amount of valence electrons, they will make bonds with each other… Add up to 8
-Electrons move from one atom to another to make it full
-Electrolytes: a compound that separates into ions when dissolved in water, producing a solution that conducts electricity
Ionic Compounds Naming
-metal followed by the nonmetals +ide.
-Transitional metals need (XX) to indicate its charge
-Criss Cross method for formulas
Polyatomic compounds
-an ion made up of more than one atoms that acts as a single particle
Naming/formula
-write the name of the cation, then the ide after the anion
-criss cross to determine the charges
Molecular compounds/covalent compounds
-compounds that bond together by sharing electrons not by giving them away
-some contain diatomic particles that always come in a pair of two
-HOFBrINCl
-Naming uses a set of some common molecular names
-Second term/first that is more than 1 will use prefix system
-no charges
Reactants and product
-Chemical reactants come together and react to form a product
Decomposition
-single compound breaks down into other elements/compounds
AB -> A +B
Synthesis
-Opposite to decomp
A+B -> AB
Single Displacement
-one element replaces another in a compound, leaving an element alone
A+BC -> AC+B
Double Displacement
-elements in two compounds switch places with others in the formula
AB+CD -> AD+CB
-Combustion
-rapid reaction with oxygen to create oxides
-fuel + oxygen -> oxides + energy
Hydrocarbons
-hydrocarbons + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
Incomplete combustion
-releases CO, CO2, H2O, and C
-happens when there aren’t enough oxygen
Oxidization
-metals reaction with oxides in a slow process to produce an oxide on a surface
Law of conservation of mass
-the mass of the reactant will equal the mass of the product
-means that we have to balance equations to have them equal and work with the law
-using coefficients and multipliers
Word equations
-use -> to separate reactant and product
-use naming from before
Skeleton equations
-equations that look at a reaction simply based on what they are… un edited
Balanced equations
-equations that look at reactions with edited, balancing them on both sides by adding coefficients
Count atoms
-Look at subscript and multiply obeying with brackets and coefficients
Corrosion
-Bad: car rusting
-Good: ?? someone add that
-Preventing corrosion: forgot what odlum said… ADD!
Acids:
-Acids: reacts with metals, carbonates
-Neutralizes bases and vice versa
-Conducts electricity because it has ions in it
-reacts with metals to create H2
-reacts with carbonates to create CO2
-reacts with water to create hydrogen
-all acids have “hydro” in front
-hydrofluric, hydrochloric…
-used to be preservatives and add to food for tastes
-Oxyacids derive from polyatomic ions containing oxygen and hydrogen.
-basically (add onto it) a –ate polyatomic ion that has H2 in it to be an acid
-Acetic, Nitric, Carbonic
-turns blue litmus paper pink and keeps pink litmus paper pink
Bases:
-When dissolved in water, it gives off a OH ion
-turns red litmus paper to blue and keeps blue litmus paper blue
-neutralizes acids
-used as cleaners, neutralize acids, clean drains
Sodium Hydroxide, calcium hydroxide etc.
pH
-the level of how acetic or basic a solution is
-“power of hydrogen”
-acids: H+
-bases: OH-
-Range from 0-7-14
-7 is water, neutral
-1 is acetic
-14 is basic
-6-7 and 7-8 are considered slightly acetic or basic
Logarithms
-the Log10 of a # is the power that 10 must be taken to equal to that number
pH=-log10[H+]
pH: negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration
-Adding of base or acid can help adjust the pH
-when acids and bases are mixed, the resultant solution is between that of the acid and base
-each whole integer pH scale is multiplied by 10X
Neutralization Reaction
-Acids + baes -> a salt+water
-hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide -> salt + water
-used to reduce acids in soil to prevent them from being in the lake
SNC2D1 SNC2D1 SNC2D1 SNC2D1