Biology Notes for academic course biology tisues unit test SNC2D1 SNC2D1
Diffusion: the movement of fluids from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration
Cell theory:
-All living things are made up of one or more cells and their product
-Cells is the simplest unit that can carry out all processes
-All cells come from preexisting cells
Prokaryote: no nucleus or other membrane: bound organelles (E-Coli)
Eukaryote: has a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane (Animals/human if multicell, amoeba if single cell)
Organelles
Cytoplasm: suspends organelles in cells
-Water, Jelly Like
Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports materials around the cell
-3D network of packets extending throughout the cell
Cell wall: helps the plant take its shape
-Sturdy layer containing pores
Nucleus: holding genetic information and performing mitosis
-Spherical structure
Mitochondria: converts glucose into energy through cellular respiration with oxygen
-oval jelly like structure
Cell Membrane: supports cell and allows for diffusion within the cell
-thin layer around the cell
Chloroplast: absorbs light and converts it into energy and stores it there
-looks like bricks, green, clots inside
Golgi Bodies: Collect and remove materials from the cell. Expels mucus
- Strips and strands, found in stomach
Vacuoles: isolating and removing waste in cell and maintaining pressure
-oval structure inside the cell with a thin lining
Mitosis: IPMAT
Interphase: when the cell grows to the largest maturity. DNA long and stranded
Prophase: double stranded chromosome, nuclear membrane splits apart. DNA shortened and thickened
Metaphse: double stranded chromosomes line up in the center. Held together with spindle fibres
Anaphase: the double stranded chromosomes are split evenly in half.
Telophase: new nuclear wall forms to divide the two sets of identical chromosomes
Cytokinesis: the process of which the cell organelles, cytoplasm, and membrane into two separate cells. Plant cells create a wall to divide the cells into 2
Chromatid: 2 identical strands of DNA that makes up chromosomes
Centromere: structure that holds the chromatis together as chromosomes
Chromosomes: structure containing the DNA in a cell
Importance of cell division: as the cell grows bigger, the ratio of surface area and volume decreases, meaning the cell will not be able to have enough room to allow nutrients go to in to support the cell’s organelles and functions
Cancer
Group of cells that divide rapidly ignoring the body’s chemical reactions that tell the cell not to divide so often
Caused by mutation in DNA of the cell genetics
-Carcinogens: any substance that can increase the chances of cancer
-Heredity: genetic causes for individuals that are more pre disposed to develop cancers such as colon and breast cancer
Cells that divide quickly causing a tumor that is benign will be not harmful
Cells that divide quickly but are harmful are called malignant cells – cancer tumors
Cancer that spreads are called a metastasis cancer
Detection of cancer include:
-Screening: XRay, MRI, cat scan
-Testing; pap test, psa test, breast self exam
Treatment:
-Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, surgery to remove the tumor
Stem Cells
-Cells that are able to divide into any type of cell by changing or turning on some of the genes in the DNA to allow some functions
Umbilical cord is a good source of stem cells if kept immediately after birth
Embryonic tissue stem cells are used to create blood only
Cellular Differentiation: directed by DNA to change the way they behave as they get older
Embryonic cells can divide into any other cell while a tissue stem cell can only divide into a certain type of cell
Specialized cells: cells that are specialized at performing a certain task but cannot survive without support of other cells
Tissue: group of specialized cell that make up a function
Organ: group of specialized tissues
Organ systems: group of organs
-obtain oxygen
-get nutrients
-reduce waste
-adapt
-repair, grow, change
4 main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial: skin, lining of digestive systen
-thin packed cells covering surfaces
-protect dehydration
Connective: bone, tendons, blood
-Various cells and fibers held together by a single organ
-support and insulation
Muscle: muscles, heart, digestive system muscles
-long cells that expand or contract on demand
-movement
Nervous: brain, nervous system
-long thin cells that convey electrical currents to control the body
-sensory, communication, and coordination
Digestive System: takes, digests, and reduce food by creating waste
Digestive Tract and accessory organs
Digestive Tract: esophagus, mouth, s and l intestines, rectum, anus
-covered in epithelial tissue so its smooth;
-Goblet cells produce mucus to protect from acids
-Muscle, nerve tissues
Mouth- provides first mechanical breakdown of food
-saliva breakdown of food by turning starch into sugar
Esophagus: muscular tube that moves food through the tube controlled by nerves
>Peristalsis
Stomach: holds, churns food lined with cells that produces digestive enzymes and acids
-Smooth muscles contract to mix content
Small intestine: most digestion here done with smooth muscles and brings nutrients into blood vessels; water absorbs also occurs.
Big intestine: larger in diameter; mainly absorbs water
Rectum: stores wastes until its time to let it go to the anus to be released
Accessory organs: Liver, pancreas, gall bladder
Liver: produces enzymes for digestion
-gall bladder: produces bile to digest fat
Pancreas: produces insulin to control blood sugar levels
Circulatory System
Blood, Heart, blood vessels
- Moves nutrients from digestive system through out body
- Connects to lung to transport oxygen throughout body
- Carries wastes out of body through kidney
- Carries CO2 into lungs
- Regulates body temperature
- Movement of white blood cells
Blood:
-Red Blood Cells (Erythrocyte)
-Most of all blood in body (50%) w/ no nuclei
-Contains hemoglobin (protein) that transports oxygen throughout body created in bone marrow
-White Blood Cell (Leukocytes)
-Less than 1% of blood
-Fights infections by search and destroy methods
-Destroys by having it engulfed or assigns antibodies to attack
-Platelets
-Keeps blood from clotting (less than 1%)
-becomes ruptured to release proteins to create a web to heal
-Plasma
-50% of blood; proteins rich fluid that allows carrying of blood cells
Heart
-Cardiac Muscle Tissue
-Muscle only in heart; all tissues move at the same time
-Nerve Tissue
-Controls frequency of heartbeat
-Connective Tissue
-To protect heart from friction, collision etc. and made of epithelial cells
Beating of the heart depends on stress, temperature, activity, and health.
Blood Vessels:
-Arteries
-carries blood away from heart
-under high pressure
-large thick walls
-Veins
-carry blood to heart
-low pressure
-thin walls
-have valves to suspend blood
-outer on body
-Capillaries
-tiny and thin, cell in diameter
-o2 and nutrients come in and out capillaries
Circulatory Diseases
Coronary Artery Disease
-plaque gets deposited into vessel and blocks the flow of blood
-Factors: heredity, lifestyle
-Symptoms: dizziness, tiredness
-diagnosed with angiogram
Heart Attack
-arteries completely blocked
-heart receives no oxygen and begins to die
-Symptoms: chest, upper body, abdominal pain, anxiety, nausea, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, tiredness.
Respiratory System
Gas Exchange
-Alveoli intakes high concentration of O2 and diffuses them into blood through capillaries
-Takes carbon dioxide out
Fish Respiration
-Water passes through gills which turn into usable oxygen
Breathing
-Diaphragm expands volume in lung to decrease pressure so air will come in to inhale
-Diaphragm closes to decrease volume in lung to exhale the air
Structural Features
-Nose/Mouth, Trachea, branchi, Lung
-Cilia on epithelial tissue brings the mucus upwards
Diseases
Tuberculosis
-bacterial disease that infects lung’s operations and can also move to other places
-Difficult to detect through xray because of confusion with pneumonia and stomach and lung secretions are often taken to confirm
Cancer
-Tumor in lung blocking airflow
-Carcinogen as major cause
Sars
-2003 china outbreak with flu like symptom disease
Muculoskeletal system
-Support body
-provide movement
-provide protection
Tissues
-Bone
-hard dense matrix of Ca, P, and collagen protein
-Canals inside make way for passage of blood and nerves
-Not living
-Ligaments
-bonds bone to bone
-Soft elastic tissue made of collagen
-Cartilage
-Dense connective lubrication tissue
-Disks ins pine
-Specialized cell in a matrix of collagens
Muscle
-Bundle of long cells of muscle fiber protein that causes the tissues to contract
Skeletal: voluntary muscle (attach to bones)
Smooth: involuntary muscle
Cardiac: heart muscle
Tendons: connect muscle to bone
-less elastic
-only contracts and relaxes
Diseases
Osteoporosis
-Loss of bone CA, making it fragile
-Accidents and X-Ray diagnosis
Animals
Most are vertebrates but some are not and have exoskeletons
Nervous system
A dedicated network that allows messages to pass through and enable interactions
Central nervous system: nerve brain and spinal cord (core nervous system)
Peripheral Nervous System: nerves that carry the signal throughout the body
-It sends signal about the inside and outside of body
-It tells the body from the brain about what to do
Neurons conduct signal with electric pulses
Sensory Receptors: receive signals from the outside and tells peripheral system
Stimuli Receptors: Types of signals that sensory receptors will receive
Diseases
-Multiple Sclerosis
-Bacteria destroying the mylin in the nerve tissue when the bacteria damages the immune system
-Physical trama shocks and destroys many of the nerve cells
Plant notes aren't added
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SNC2D1 SNC2D1 SNC2D1 SNC2D1