History WWI and 1920s Test Notes for applied class CHC2P1CHC2P1
Primary Source: sources first hand occurred at the time of the event
Secondary Source: created after an event has occurred long ago
Fact: Provokes between true or false, can be checked, specifc, detailed, and have numbers or statistics
Opinions: subjective (I believe) contains judgement (good vs bad), and adjectives
Canada and WWI
-Canada was a british colony after confederation with ONT, QUE, NB, and BC
-John A mcdonald was first president
-reason: provinces didnt want to be sucked in to be american
-Wilfred Laurier: first french president made french cdns angry cuz he supported the english people
Robert Borden: led canada into war. Made people support england but still have them a canadian identity
WWI competitors
France : George Clemenceau : second best army
UK: King George 5th: Strongest NAVY : wealthiest + colonies
Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm 2nd: Strongest ARMY but not largest : wanted colonies
Russia : Tsar Nicholass 2nd: largest army but not strong : biggest pop.
Italy: Vittorio Emanele Orlando: smallest army : just became a country
Austria Hungary: Emperor Franz Joseph: weak industries, multination each wanted indp
Background cases for war
Militarism: belief that better army is better
Alliance: partnership between countries for eachother’s success
Imperialism: extending power and influence of a country to it’s colonies
Nationalism: extreme pride for countries
Groups
Triple Entente: UK, Russia, France
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy
Events leading to war
June 28: assassination of Arch Duke army leader, Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo Austria
July 23: Austria blamed serbia and sends a warning
July 25: Serbia rejects warning, supported by Russia
July 28: Austria Declares war to fight serbia
July 28: Russia prepares army to protect serbia, Germany declares war on Russia
Aug 3: France declares war on Germany, Germany also declares war on France
Aug 4: UK declares war on Germany
Aug 5: Canada goes to war
Aus vs Serbia, Russia vs Aus, Germany vs Russia, France vs Germany, Germany vs Russia, UK vs Germany, Canada with UK
Italy switched sides after and Japan also joined later along with USA
Weapons used in WWI
Airplane: used for spying, could not fire
Artillery: canons shooting grenades or large projectiles
Calvary: dudes on horses fighting
Chlorine Gas: Smoke bombs first used in this war. Ypres used most. Gas masks invent
Dreadnought: Brings supplies, travels in groups with other ships
Flamethrower: blast flames and gas at a short distance
Machine Gun: Shoots many bullets very quickly
Tank: Treaded vehicle capable of shooting long range
Rifle: shoots far, needed to reload often (slow). Canada used crappy Ross Rifles
Submarines: underwater machines used for in sea battles
Trench warfare:
-People excited to go to war: 25000 requested, 30000 joined
-Fought on western front, between France and Germany, Belgium to France
-Smooth grounds so people built trenches to take cover
Entente: more structured, muddy, dirty, rocks crumbling down
German: organized, clean, wooden, no mud, more drainage
-Communication Wires used as telephones
-Trenches often get flooded with urine and raine, making it muddy
-Trench foot and trench mouth from bacteria eating into soldier’s skin
-Dirty uniforms lead to lice
-Played cards, smoked, and drunk as well as write home
-Freezing winters and bad rotting odor made things unbearable
-Bad food made worse with rats
No Man’s Land
-Between 2 trenches covered in craters and shells
-Dead bodies, and land mines, and barbed wires covered the area
-Many went “over the top” to go into enemy fire in order to gain land
-SAP: front lookout post to peek into enemy activity
-Machine Gun nest: where machine guns are kept
-Trench Mortar: Storage for heavy ammunition
-Latrine: Bathroom
-Communication Trench: used to move supplies and soldiers to and from the front
Dugout: shelter side of trenches in the ground for living and protection (same as billet)
Battles of WWI
Schlieffen Plan
-Germans were suppose to go through Belgium and head south down to paris to get to France soldiers
-But they turned south too soon, where French soldiers were close enough to battle with them head on and push them back
Ypres
-April 21-24 1915: Western Front: French, British, Canada, vs Germany
-First time use of poison gas, CDN used urine rags to stay alive while British left
-6000 CDN died, most famous in CDN history and first reputation
The Sommes
-July to Sept 1916: French, British, CDN, vs Germany
-Worse battle of all time
-General Haig kept sending soldiers up to overcome the Germans for 141 days
-Half a million dead in 3 months for 12 km of land
Vimy Ridge: April 9th, 1917
-Canada’s Crowning moment
-200,000 French and British Failed
-Canada took charge to plan stuff out. Arthur Curie made the creeping barrage
-bomb then soldiers crept up and after 2H, canada owned Vimy Ridge
-Canada fought alone as a nation for the first time
Passchendaele: Nov 6th, 1917, Marshlands of Germany
-Mud was thick and hard to battle on. No trenches made
-68,000 British Died
-After 3 months, Canada captured Passchendaele
-Wet, Dangerous conditions made things hard
Canada’s homefront
-Women:
-went into jobs to replace men
-started working in harsh conditions making weapons etc.
-dedicated to soldiers
-1915, same amount of men of women worked in machine shops
-Most worked half the pay because they loved their men
-Victory Bonds
-Loan money to Canada and get it back later with interest
-Tax
-Tobacco, alcohol and medicine taxes.
-business and income tax (PST) was temporary but still used today
People
-Aboriginals
-Denied of war at first, thinking they’d be treated as savages
-Later accepted due to men shortage
-Black
-Denied because they thought to be poorer people
-Blacks hired to dig trenches after protest
-Germans
-Thought as spies, isolated, and ignored as enemy aliens
-Put in jail and report movements to police
-Asian canadians
-couldn’t vote nor join war but some later accepted in battalions
Conscription
-Mandatory law for people to join war because ppl were dying
-18+ healthy men forced to join army
-Robert Borden (english men) made law in 1916
-English loved it because it supported British and Borden
-French hated it after french wasnt the main language and were treated as minority
End of WWI
-Russia couldn’t support so they quit. Country and army falling apart
Canada’s 100 days
-led many more attacks
-most effieicent yet: 130 km in 100 days after 3 years for 12 km
-Germany near collapse. CDN took charge until British got backup
Armistice: agreement in ending war
-signed Nov 11 1918 to end war in a railway car by representatives
Results:
60 000 CDN died, 250 000 wounded
30 m casualties in whole war
League of Nations
-Global organization for peace
-wanted WWI to be the last war ever
Treaty of versailles 1919 demanded Germany to:
-be blamed for WWI
-Give back taken land
-pay 30 billion in damages
-reduce army size and be trolled by allied troops
Canada After war
-Depressed, relieved, proud, and shocked
-happy if soldiers came back well, depressed if otherwise
- economy
-many factories quit when artillery isn't necessary
-soldiers came back looking for their job back but denied
- Society
-Workers demanded new rights for poor living/working conditions
-Unions created
1920s: Roaring twenties
“people wanted new forms of entertainment to get out of depression”
- Media development : new media for new sources of entertainment
- Merchandise and sales grew: cheap stuff (3.50 toaster) and unions
Music
-Jazz popular to celebrate end of war
-happy mood music to cheer people up
-medium speed sometimes fast, upbeat
-little lyrics
-Deep drums, bass, tuba, cello, trombones, sax, trumpet
-Happy and high pitched mood
Fads/Trends
Dances:
-Fox Trot, Bunny hop, Charleston
Mah Jong
-ancient game adapted to be played in parties
Books:
-Puzzles and cartoons mainstream
Entertainment
-Silent movies with live band orchestras
-Charlie Chaplin
Radio
-Live hockey
-Silver Screens
-Canada’s first rogers batteryless (CFRB)
Fashion
Women most popular in fashion
-Flappers popular
-cheap fabric
-rich and poor looked the same
Men- Gell hair
-bright hats
-Formal for business
-Baggy pants and ties
Sports
-Hockey popular
-Professional sport teams
-Hockey, football, baseball
-Edmonton Grads: best in basketball 502-20 ratio: owned 4 olympics
Economy in 1920s
-Automobiles sprung many new businesses
-Automobiles led people to tour, move farther, and development of suburbs
