Science Study notes
Final Exam Study Notes Grade 9 Academic
Biology-Reproduction
Biology-Reproduction
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase
- Chromosomes duplicate
- Nuclear membrane splits
Metaphase
- The double stranded chromosomes are lined up in the center
- Held using spindle fibres
Anaphase
- The chromosomes split equally apart towards each poles of the cell
Telophase
- The chromosomes become totally apart
- The cell’s nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis
- The process of splitting nuclear material equally in cell division
Meiosis
- The process of creating sex cells that have half the amount of chromosomes that mitosis cells do
Cell Theory
- All living things are made up of cells
- All cells come from pre existing cells
- Cells are the basic functional units of life
Cell inhibition lab
- Cell inhibiting substances stops or dramatically slows down mitosis and cell division
- The sprouts treated with cell inhibiting substances grew slower than the control
- Applications: cancer treatment, weed removal, hair removal
Asexual vs sexual reproduction in changing environments
- Advantages
- Sexual – diversity
- Asexual- no partner, fast reproduction
- Disadvantages
- Sexual- takes too much time to reproduce
- Needs a partner
- Asexual- Low diversity
Asexual reproductive strategies
- Binary Fission
- Single celled organism divide into 2 cells of the equal size
- Budding
- Single cell grows and breaks off to become a mature creature
- Fragmentation
- Part breaks off and becomes a mature creature
- Spore Formation
- Creates identical but smaller cells
Sexual reproductive strategies
- Conjugation: Sexual reproduction involving 2 bacteria coming into contact with each other and forming an exchange of genetic information
- Hermaphrodites: organisms with both male and female reproductive organs. Any 2 hermaphrodites can exchange genetic information
Plant reproduction
- Pollination
- Pollen floats by wind or carried by insects
- Pollen lands on stigma
- Stigma: Absorbs the pollen and sends it through the style and into the ovaries
- Goes down the style
- Style: Vertical tube where the pollen is transported down to the ovaries
- Goes to ovary and fertilizes the egg
- Ovary: Houses and fertilizes the egg
- Anther and filament produces the pollen
- Anther: Houses the pollen
- Filament: Transports nutrients and pollen into the anthers
- Male plants do not have ovaries
Plants
Human Reproductive Organs
- Female reproductive organs
Reproductive Technology
- GMF- process of changing the genetic sequence of plants in order for more advantage economically and plant wise for the farmer
Chemistry- Matter
Chemical VS Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties
- Reactions with acid
- Combustibility
- Physical Properties
- Colour
- Texture
- Odour
- Taste
- Lustre
- Clarity
- Ductility – the ability to be pulled into wires
- Malleability- the ability to be pushed or hammered into different shapes
Chemical VS Physical Changes
- Chemical
- Permanent change in colour
- Gas or bubbles form
- Precipitate forms in liquid
- Light or heat is absorbed or released
- Not reversible
- Physical
- Changes in state
- Changes in shape
- Dissolve
- Reversible
WHMIS- Workplace Hazardous Material Information System
Classifying Matter
- Pure Substance: One substance
- Solution: a homogenous mixture that looks like one
- Mixture: a heterogeneous mixture that looks as though as it is made of multiple parts
- Compounds: a pure substance made of one or more elements
Pure Substance vs. Compound
- Pure substance is made of one element and one substance, compound is made up of one or more elements.
Heterogeneous VS Homogenous
- Heterogenous- Looks like it is made up of more than one part
- Homogenous- Looks like one part
Subatomic Particles
- Protons, Neutrons, Electrions
- ION: an atom that has become charged by gaining or losing one or more electron to fill its outer orbital
Valence Electron
- The number of electrons in the outer orbital
Organizing elements
- Alkali Metals
- Very reactive
- Metallic
- 1 valence electron
- Opaque
- Alkali Earth Metals
- 2 Valence electrons
- Found on earth
- Metallic
- Opaque
- Solid
- Halogens
- Non reactive non metal
- 7 valence electron
- Gas
- Translucent or transparent
- Noble Gases
- Very stable
- Gas
- Translucent
- 8 valence electrons
Density
- D=M/V
Isotopes
- Elements with the same number of protons but different mass due to different number of neutrons
Physics- Electricity
Static Electricity
- Electricity that does not move from where it was charged
- Charging
- Friction
- Contact
- Induction
Laws of electric charges
- Like charges repel
- Unlike charges attract
Insulators vs. Conductors
- Insulator: a material that blocks electricity from passing
- Does not allow electrons to flow from one atom to another
- Conductor: any substance that allows electrons to move freely from one atom to another
Inducted Charge Separation- Explained in diagrams
Current Electricity
- Current electricity flows while static electricity does not
Circuit diagrams
- Battery
- Loads
- Resistor
- Light bulb
- Switch
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
Series Circuit
- Only one path for the electrons to flow
Parallel Circuit
- More than one path for the electrons to flow
Voltmeters
- Measures potential difference
- Potential difference is the amount of energy a batter has to push the electrons across a circuit
- Attached in PARRALELL
- SI unit: V – Volt
Ammeter
- Measures current
- Current is how much electrons are flowing through a circuit
- Attached in series
- SI unit: A – Amperes
Ohm’s Law
- V=IxR
- Graph of voltage vs. current, resistance is voltage over current
- States that the resistance is always proportional to the voltage and current
Ohmic Resistors
- Any load that will not change the resistance regardless of change in current or voltage
Series VS Parallel circuits
- Series
- Vtotal=V1+v2+v3...
- Itotal=I1=I2=I3...
- Rtotal=R1+R2+R3...
- Parallel
- Vtotal=V1=V2=V3...
- Itotal=I1+I2+I3...
- Rtotal= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3...
Electrical energy
- Energy that is given off through electric charges
- Energy: anything that allows us to move.
- E=IxTxdeltaT
- E=PxT
Electrical Power
- The rate at which electrical energy is being used
- P=E/T
- P=VxT
Percentage Efficiency
- %efficiency=(output energy/Input energy) x 100%
Astronomy
Big Bang Theory
- At time zero, all matter was packed into an extremely dense small space
- Created pressure, energy, and heat
- Huge explosion, Big Bang, occurred causing material to erupt outwards from “the centre of the universe”. Today, the universe is still expanding.
Light Year
- Measures the amount of distance traveled by light in 1 year. Used to measure distances in space
Planets
- Inner planets
- Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Mars
- Outer planets
- Jupiter
- Saturn
- Neptune
- Ringed planets
- Jupiter
- Saturn
- Neptune
White Dwarf Star
- The death of a small star
- Small, hot, dense, white stars